Ainxiety | Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services

Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services

# 1821 overall · better than -18.6% of other industries

4/5Moderate Risk
AInxiety Score™

2/5

Capex Requirements

3/5

Regulatory Compliance

3/5

Workforce Flexibility

4/5

Complexity

4/5

Data Intensity

4/5

Adaptability

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services are predominantly made up of repetitive tasks that are easily automatable, but certain specialized functions still require human expertise. Regulatory and compliance barriers are moderate and manageable. The industry is highly data-driven and already integrates significant technology, making it amenable to further AI adoption. The workforce tasks are moderately skilled, allowing for a balanced transition towards automation.

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Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services

Should AI be regulated in this industry?

Yes

Risk composition of jobs in this industry

1,100,840 jobs in Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services

31.7%

349,320

3.2Accountants and Auditors

8.9%

97,770

3.8Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks

7.1%

78,450

3.8Tax Preparers

4.3%

47,830

2.2Financial Managers

3.4%

37,390

3.8Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive

3.1%

34,610

4.2Office Clerks, General

3.1%

34,260

2.0Management Analysts

3.0%

33,160

1.5General and Operations Managers

2.7%

29,540

3.8Billing and Posting Clerks

2.4%

26,690

2.6First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers

1.8%

19,470

3.3Customer Service Representatives

1.6%

17,780

3.8Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks

1.6%

17,060

1.0Actors

1.3%

14,320

3.2Receptionists and Information Clerks

1.2%

13,530

2.5Human Resources Specialists

1.2%

13,380

2.8Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel

1.1%

113,100

1.3Veterinary Technologists and Technicians

1.0%

107,960

2.5Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers

0.9%

99,320

1.2Architects, Except Landscape and Naval

0.8%

9,390

1.5Information Security Analysts

0.8%

89,100

2.5Mechanical Engineers

0.8%

8,470

2.3Software Developers

0.8%

8,220

3.3Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants

0.7%

8,040

2.8Business Operations Specialists, All Other

0.7%

7,790

4.8Data Entry Keyers

0.7%

7,750

2.0Computer and Information Systems Managers

0.7%

72,590

1.3Veterinarians

0.7%

7,180

2.4Financial and Investment Analysts

0.6%

7,040

2.5Computer Systems Analysts

0.6%

6,940

1.5Managers, All Other

0.6%

6,880

3.3Computer User Support Specialists

0.6%

6,500

4.0Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand

0.6%

6,370

3.7Medical Records Specialists

0.6%

6,210

3.8Bill and Account Collectors

0.6%

6,140

3.1Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists

0.5%

5,600

2.2Project Management Specialists

0.5%

54,730

2.5Advertising Sales Agents

0.5%

53,480

1.0Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists

0.5%

5,240

3.3Retail Salespersons

0.5%

50,130

2.5Construction and Building Inspectors

0.5%

49,950

1.2Natural Sciences Managers

0.5%

4,950

2.3Computer Occupations, All Other

0.4%

42,760

2.0Interior Designers

0.4%

4,200

1.5Human Resources Managers

0.4%

40,580

2.0Animal Caretakers

0.4%

39,660

3.8Surveyors

0.4%

39,360

2.8Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products

0.4%

4,020

2.8Data Scientists

0.4%

3,950

2.5Marketing Managers

0.3%

37,300

3.2Surveying and Mapping Technicians

0.3%

37,770

1.8Computer Hardware Engineers

0.3%

3,700

2.8Administrative Services Managers

0.3%

3,580

1.5Sales Managers

0.3%

3,310

1.9Personal Financial Advisors

0.3%

32,750

2.3Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians

0.3%

30,740

2.0Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health

0.3%

29,790

2.4Biological Technicians

0.2%

2,640

3.8Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners

0.2%

2,590

1.7Training and Development Specialists

0.2%

25,910

2.5Chemists

0.2%

2,580

3.1Network and Computer Systems Administrators

0.2%

2,570

2.8Maintece and Repair Workers, General

0.2%

24,420

1.8Biological Scientists, All Other

0.2%

2,400

4.2Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks

0.2%

2,400

1.4Lawyers

0.2%

2,270

2.8Audio and Video Technicians

0.2%

2,360

3.0Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists

0.2%

22,530

2.0Biochemists and Biophysicists

0.2%

2,190

2.1Financial Specialists, All Other

0.2%

2,050

3.5Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers

0.2%

2,130

2.7Compliance Officers

0.2%

20,000

2.1Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians

0.2%

20,120

1.5Aerospace Engineers

0.2%

20,320

2.2Environmental Engineers

0.2%

19,450

2.8Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other

0.2%

1,830

3.3Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers

0.2%

17,200

2.8Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers

0.1%

1,700

2.1Financial Risk Specialists

0.1%

16,520

3.0Demonstrators and Product Promoters

0.1%

16,550

2.3Chemical Technicians

0.1%

15,670

2.5Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health

0.1%

1,500

3.5Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants

0.1%

1,600

3.0Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers

0.1%

1,550

0.5Chief Executives

0.1%

1,480

3.7Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service

0.1%

13,920

2.8Histology Technicians

0.1%

13,460

3.0Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians

0.1%

13,660

1.6Construction Managers

0.1%

1,290

4.7File Clerks

0.1%

1,360

3.2Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks

0.1%

12,980

3.1Legal Support Workers, All Other

0.1%

13,420

2.2Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers

0.1%

12,930

1.8Social Science Research Assistants

0.1%

1,170

2.8Computer Network Architects

0.1%

1,210

1.8Public Relations Specialists

0.1%

1,260

3.7Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other

0.1%

11,780

4.0Mechanical Drafters

0.1%

11,560

2.3Landscape Architects

0.1%

10,380

3.7Statisticians

0.1%

950

2.8Web and Digital Interface Designers

0.1%

980

1.5Personal Care Aides

0.1%

990

2.1Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products

0.1%

960

1.5Producers and Directors

0.1%

9,190

4.0Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers

0.1%

870

2.8Computer Network Support Specialists

0.1%

840

3.0Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping

0.1%

840

2.7Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents

0.1%

8,160

2.4Environmental Engineering Technologists and Technicians

0.1%

8,570

3.3Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians

0.1%

8,130

3.4Electrical and Electronics Drafters

0.1%

8,880

2.3Microbiologists

0.1%

8,900

4.1Printing Press Operators

0.1%

8,740

1.8Construction Laborers

0.1%

8,680

1.8Physicists

0.1%

760

3.0Database Administrators

0.1%

800

3.5Financial Clerks, All Other

0.1%

820

3.3Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan

0.1%

770

2.8Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators

0.1%

7,590

2.0Installation, Maintece, and Repair Workers, All Other

0.1%

680

1.3Registered Nurses

0.1%

670

4.0Couriers and Messengers

0.1%

620

2.7Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers

0.1%

610

2.5First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers

0.1%

660

2.5First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers

0.1%

610

3.8Cashiers

0.1%

5,970

2.5Materials Engineers

0.1%

6,910

2.5Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers

0.1%

530

3.8Computer Programmers

0.1%

510

2.5Actuaries

0.1%

520

2.1Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses

0.1%

500

3.5Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars

0.1%

560

3.7Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance

0.1%

500

1.8Training and Development Managers

0.1%

570

3.2Paralegals and Legal Assistants

0.1%

600

2.5Graphic Designers

0.1%

570

2.2Carpenters

0.1%

5,490

2.0Soil and Plant Scientists

0.1%

5,870

1.2Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers

0.1%

5,850

2.4Chemical Engineers

0.1%

5,750

1.5Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors

0.1%

5,020

3.0Media and Communication Workers, All Other

0.1%

4,920

3.0Agricultural Technicians

0.1%

4,950

3.0Survey Researchers

0.1%

5,570

1.7Urban and Regional Planners

0.1%

4,900

1.8Anthropologists and Archeologists

0.1%

5,480

2.5Geological Technicians, Except Hydrologic Technicians

0.1%

5,090

4.0Order Clerks

0.0%

460

2.5Database Architects

0.0%

450

3.2Operations Research Analysts

0.0%

470

2.0Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Film

0.0%

400

1.5Film and Video Editors

0.0%

430

2.8Medical Assistants

0.0%

410

3.6Waiters and Waitresses

0.0%

410

3.8Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners

0.0%

480

4.5Information and Record Clerks, All Other

0.0%

450

2.0Electricians

0.0%

420

2.2First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers

0.0%

400

Miscellaneous Assemblers and Fabricators

0.0%

470

3.2Light Truck Drivers

0.0%

480

2.1Public Relations Managers

0.0%

4,480

3.8Drafters, All Other

0.0%

4,010

2.5Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians

0.0%

4,340

2.6Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians

0.0%

4,450

2.5Calibration Technologists and Technicians

0.0%

4,150

1.5Nuclear Engineers

0.0%

4,480

3.5Cartographers and Photogrammetrists

0.0%

3,830

2.4Pharmacists

0.0%

4,830

2.8Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment

0.0%

4,340

3.8Machinists

0.0%

4,730

1.5Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other

0.0%

3,810

2.3Industrial Machinery Mechanics

0.0%

310

3.0Financial Examiners

0.0%

340

2.3Electrical Engineers

0.0%

330

1.4Writers and Authors

0.0%

310

3.3Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other

0.0%

350

2.8Security Guards

0.0%

340

2.3Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators

0.0%

350

3.9Production Workers, All Other

0.0%

290

3.0Facilities Managers

0.0%

280

3.2Purchasing Managers

0.0%

340

2.2Compensation and Benefits Managers

0.0%

310

1.5Medical and Health Services Managers

0.0%

2,930

3.0Pharmacy Technicians

0.0%

3,090

3.1Food Scientists and Technologists

0.0%

2,900

1.8Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

0.0%

3,670

3.8Cargo and Freight Agents

0.0%

2,860

2.5Occupational Health and Safety Technicians

0.0%

2,870

2.2Hazardous Materials Removal Workers

0.0%

3,270

1.8Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians

0.0%

3,620

2.5Insurance Sales Agents

0.0%

3,350

4.1Sewing Machine Operators

0.0%

2,690

1.7Health Education Specialists

0.0%

2,790

2.0Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters

0.0%

2,710

1.5Life Scientists, All Other

0.0%

2,950

1.8Atmospheric and Space Scientists

0.0%

3,470

2.3Materials Scientists

0.0%

3,750

2.0Physical Scientists, All Other

0.0%

2,720

0.8Clinical and Counseling Psychologists

0.0%

2,990

2.3Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers

0.0%

2,760

2.3Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers

0.0%

220

3.5Credit Analysts

0.0%

210

3.2Loan Officers

0.0%

220

2.2Editors

0.0%

240

2.7Lighting Technicians

0.0%

220

3.4Medical Transcriptionists

0.0%

170

2.8First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers

0.0%

210

3.8Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria

0.0%

200

3.1Bartenders

0.0%

230

3.9Fast Food and Counter Workers

0.0%

210

3.9Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers

0.0%

190

2.2Sales Engineers

0.0%

210

2.8Sales and Related Workers, All Other

0.0%

240

3.8Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service

0.0%

220

3.5Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks

0.0%

180

4.3Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks

0.0%

260

4.1Office Machine Operators, Except Computer

0.0%

190

3.2Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers

0.0%

250

2.7Recycling Coordinators

0.0%

260

3.0Logisticians

0.0%

210

1.5Fundraisers

0.0%

180

2.7Occupational Health and Safety Specialists

0.0%

200

2.2Instructional Coordinators

0.0%

1,920

1.0Protective Service Workers, All Other

0.0%

1,740

2.8First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers

0.0%

2,570

1.7Petroleum Engineers

0.0%

2,600

1.5Marine Engineers and Naval Architects

0.0%

2,040

3.8Helpers--Production Workers

0.0%

1,770

1.2Avionics Technicians

0.0%

2,130

2.8Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics

0.0%

2,000

2.3Commercial Pilots

0.0%

1,750

2.8Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other

0.0%

1,830

3.8Prepress Technicians and Workers

0.0%

1,950

2.8Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators

0.0%

2,080

1.7Social and Human Service Assistants

0.0%

2,240

1.1Community and Social Service Specialists, All Other

0.0%

2,570

1.5Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators

0.0%

1,750

3.1Food Science Technicians

0.0%

2,230

2.3Hydrologists

0.0%

2,020

2.0Designers, All Other

0.0%

2,110

3.6Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators

0.0%

1,660

1.2Nurse Practitioners

0.0%

1,900

2.9Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs

0.0%

1,820

1.2Teachers and Instructors, All Other

0.0%

1,650

2.6Librarians and Media Collections Specialists

0.0%

1,930

1.5Educational Instruction and Library Workers, All Other

0.0%

150

3.0Budget Analysts

0.0%

100

3.5Web Developers

0.0%

150

3.2Electronics Engineers, Except Computer

0.0%

2.7Industrial Engineers

0.0%

140

2.6Technical Writers

0.0%

2.7Sound Engineering Technicians

0.0%

140

1.8Photographers

0.0%

4.6Telemarketers

0.0%

120

3.7Tellers

0.0%

120

4.1Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks

0.0%

100

3.5Loan Interviewers and Clerks

0.0%

3.2Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants

0.0%

3.3Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers

0.0%

2.5Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers

0.0%

150

2.8First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers

0.0%

120

3.9Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers

0.0%

3.8Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs

0.0%

150

Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators

0.0%

3.9Stockers and Order Fillers

0.0%

2.5Industrial Production Managers

0.0%

110

2.8Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers

0.0%

1.6Architectural and Engineering Managers

0.0%

120

4.2Cost Estimators

0.0%

140

1.8Labor Relations Specialists

0.0%

1.9Economists

0.0%

150

0.6Healthcare Social Workers

0.0%

130

4.0Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers

0.0%

100

1.5Art Directors

0.0%

1.8Set and Exhibit Designers

0.0%

3.4Proofreaders and Copy Markers

0.0%

1,070

2.3Radiologic Technologists and Technicians

0.0%

660

2.0Riggers

0.0%

1,210

3.8Helpers--Installation, Maintece, and Repair Workers

0.0%

610

3.2Medical Equipment Preparers

0.0%

1,070

2.0Phlebotomists

0.0%

700

1.2Healthcare Support Workers, All Other

0.0%

770

1.5First-Line Supervisors of Security Workers

0.0%

740

1.7Animal Scientists

0.0%

870

3.8Engine and Other Machine Assemblers

0.0%

1,310

1.5Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors

0.0%

1,520

0.8Mental Health Counselors

0.0%

630

1.2Counselors, All Other

0.0%

800

0.8Child, Family, and School Social Workers

0.0%

820

3.5Etchers and Engravers

0.0%

840

1.7Dietitians and Nutritionists

0.0%

1,170

1.1Physician Assistants

0.0%

610

2.3Helpers--Electricians

0.0%

860

Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers

0.0%

1,380

3.1Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas

0.0%

680

2.3Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers

0.0%

1,070

1.8Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay

0.0%

1,110

2.7Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers

0.0%

1,050

2.2Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists

0.0%

1,300

2.0Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines

0.0%

670

3.3Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door

0.0%

550

3.8Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders

0.0%

1,490

1.7Fundraising Managers

0.0%

1,110

1.3Social and Community Service Managers

0.0%

930

1.5Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes

0.0%

1,360

0.7Childcare Workers

0.0%

820

2.5Real Estate Brokers

0.0%

680

3.8Print Binding and Finishing Workers

0.0%

980

0.8Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers

0.0%

920

0.9Community Health Workers

0.0%

840

1.8Self-Enrichment Teachers

0.0%

1,570

3.0Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other

0.0%

1,150

4.6Desktop Publishers

0.0%

550

2.3First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers

0.0%

940

2.8Agricultural Inspectors

0.0%

730

3.1Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers

0.0%

700

2.5Painters, Construction and Maintece

0.0%

840

3.7Paperhangers

0.0%

1,250

1.7Conservation Scientists

0.0%

640

2.0Foresters

0.0%

1,180

1.5Epidemiologists

0.0%

1,080

1.7Astronomers

0.0%

800

1.2Historians

0.0%

960

1.5Political Scientists

0.0%

740

1.8Industrial-Organizational Psychologists

0.0%

1,200

1.5Sociologists

0.0%

630

1.3Nuclear Technicians

0.0%

1,260

2.4Forest and Conservation Technicians

0.0%

730

2.1Forensic Science Technicians

0.0%

790

2.3Transportation Inspectors

0.0%

1,000

4.0Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment

0.0%

1,170

2.2First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers

0.0%

1,050

1.1Animal Trainers

0.0%

1,090

2.1Maintece Workers, Machinery

0.0%

850

0.5Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators

0.0%

1,450

2.5Medical Equipment Repairers

0.0%

610

2.0Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, All Other

0.0%

820

1.6News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists

0.0%

670

2.2Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers

0.0%

1,080

4.5Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders

0.0%

600

3.9Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers

0.0%

840

3.8Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders

0.0%

540

3.6Semiconductor Processing Technicians

0.0%

1,190

3.5Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators

0.0%

570

3.5Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Programmers

0.0%

700

2.0Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other

0.0%

620

1.5Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Workers, All Other

0.0%

560

2.5Archivists

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